Socialna pedagogika, 1998 vol. 2, št. 2, str. 5-17.

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Na prehodu iz industrijske v postindustrijsko družbo so se vzgojni zavodi s pogoji dela in koncepti, ki so nastali iz potreb industrijske dobe, znašli v krizi in bodo morali rekonceptualizirati svoje mesto in vlogo v sistemu skrbi družbe in njenih institutcij za odklonsko in delinkventno mladino. Krizo vzgojnih zavodov povečujejo drugačne družbene razmere, katerim se vzgojni zavodi niso uspeli prilagoditi, nadalje njihov obroben položaj v šolskem sistemu, zahteve javnosti in družbenih dejavnikov, da je treba vzgojne zavode zapreti in pa še vedno prisotna tretmanska orientacija vzgojnih zavodov, ki je bila v 70. letih zavrnjena. Preživetje vzgojnih zavodov ne more zagotoviti ne povečana represija in zapiranje zavodov, ne vztrajanje na konceptih 50. in 60. let, pač pa skrb za vsebinsko bogato življenje znotraj zavodov, poudarek na izobraževanju in usposabljanju gojencev. Potreben je diferenciran in individualiziran pristop, ustrezen izbor korektivnih metod in povečana profesionalizacija strokovnega osebja v zavodih.

Ključne besede: zavodska vzgoja, vzgojni zavodi, profesionalizacija.

The transition from industrial to post-industrial society has precipitated a crisis in residential care, the practises and working principles of which were based on the needs of the industrial age, and which must now reconsider its place and role among institutions for non-conforming and delinquent young people in the social care system. The crisis of residential care homes is magnified by their failure to adapt to changed social conditions and, additionally, by their peripheral position in the school system, the demands of prevailing public and social conditions to close them down, and by their continued adherence to treatment orientated regime, which was rejected in the 1970s. The survival of residential care cannot be ensured by increased repression and the closing of homes, nor by returning to the ideas of the 50s and 60s. It can only be guaranteed by careful attention to ensuring that life in care offers rich possibilities with an emphasis on the education and enabling of residents. A unique and individual approach is necessary, together with an appropriate choice of corrective methods and an increased professionalism by the specialist personnel in the care homes.

Key words: child and youth residential care, residential institutions, professionalisation of care work.

Socialna pedagogika, 1998 vol. 2, št. 2, str. 19-31.

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V Veliki Britaniji ni poklica vzgojitelja (child care) ali socialnega pedagoga. V drugi polovici tega stoletja pa so se začeli delavci na področju skrbi za otroke poimenovati za delavce otroškega skrbstva, dokler jih niso vse uvrstili pod naziv "socialni delavci". Kljub temu pa za večino socialnih delavcev obstaja samo eno delovno področje - zaščita otrok, medtem ko so tisti, ki delujejo za podporo družinam, v vzgoji otrok ali v razvoju skupnosti, bolj ali manj spregledani. Moje stališče je, da delovno področje otroškega skrbstva zajema: zaščito otrok, razvijanje in rehabilitacijo otrok ter podporo družinam in skupnosti. Identiteta, ki jo razvijajo delavci na tem področju, bo v vsaki državi odražala kulturne in zgodovinske značilnosti te države. V prispevku pregledujem zgodovinske značilnosti in korenine razvoja tega delovnega področja v Veliki Britaniji od 18. stoletja naprej. Zgodovinska analiza pripelje do treh spoznanj: 1.da se identiteta in delovna področja delavcev v otroškem skrbstvu s časom očitno spreminjajo; 2. da se (državna) politika in (strokovna) praksa ne spreminjata hkrati - dejansko si včasih nasprotujeta; in 3. da se skrbniško/vzgojno delo z otroci vedno dogaja v protislovnih kontekstih, za katere je velikokrat značilno, da oblike dela z otroci odražajo v preteklost obrnjene ideje prejšnje generacije. Delovno področje otroškega skrbstva mora prispevati k temu, do bo otroci lahko “živeli neodvisno življenje v družbi”. Potrebujemo tako dejavnost, ki bo vodila k ustreznemu ravnovesju med “neodvisnim življenjem” in življenjem “v družbi”.

Ključne besede: otroško skrbstvo, zgodovina otroškega skrbstva, politika otroškega skrbstva.

There is no child care or social pedagogue profession in the UK. A hundred years ago a group of child care workers associated with institutions for children formed a professional association and they were encouraged to regard themselves as “educators”. But, in 1948, a new term was introduced and, for twenty years, child care workers were encouraged to see themselves as `child care officers' until they were all brought under the title `social workers'. My view is that the work domains of child care are child protection, child development including rehabilitation, family support and community support and that the identity which child care workers develop in a particular country is a reflection of the cultural and historical situation of that country. A historical analysis shows that, firstly, the identity and work domains of child care workers fluctuate over time, secondly, policy and practice do not go hand in hand; and thirdly, perhaps child care is always practised in contradictory environments. The work domains of child care must all contribute to enabling children `to live an independent life in society'. We need child care that leads to a genuine balance between `an independent life' and living `in society'.

Key words: child care work, child care history, child care policy.

Socialna pedagogika, 1998 vol. 2, št. 2, str. 33-41.

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V zadnjih 30 letih so močno kritizirali zavodsko obravnavanje mladoletnih in polnoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj. V večini študij, vključujoč tudi meta-analize, se je pokazala razmeroma majhna učinkovitost zavodskih tretmanov. Učinkovitost zavodskih tretmanov je povezana s tremi problemi. Najprej gre za jasno definiranje lastnosti, ki naj bi bile predmet tretmana, potem za vprašanje specifičnih postopkov ali metod, ki jih obravnavanje vključuje, in na koncu za problem kontrole poteka tretmana. Popolna kontrola tretmana je možna samo pod pogojem, da programiranje tretmana in njegovo evalviranje poteka individualno, v krajših časovnih razmakih, od začetka do konca tretmana. Prispevek prikazuje, kako bi bilo mogoče, s pomočjo računalniške tehnologije, in s kombinacijo individualnega in skupinskega programiranja, stalno spreminjati in prilagajati okvirni program tretmana trenutnim potrebam gojencev oz, obsojencev.

Ključne besede: zavodsko obravnavanje, potrebe gojencev, evalvacija učinkovitosti, individualizacija tretmana.

In the last 30 years there has been strong criticism of custodial treatment of young and adult offenders. In the majority of studies, including meta-analyses, custodial treatment is shown to have a relatively low level of effectiveness. This approach has three fundamental problems. Firstly, the problem of making a clear definition of the traits which the treatment should modify; secondly, that of the specific procedures and methods included in the treatment; finally, but of no less importance, the problem of control of the course of treatment. Complete control of the course of treatment is possible only when it is programmed and individually evaluated from start to finish, at very short intervals of time. The article shows how it would be possible, with the assistance of computer technology along with combined individual and group programming, to permanently keep adapting the framework of the treatment programme to the ongoing needs of the internees.

Key words: custodial treatment, needs of the internees, evaluation of effectiveness, individualisation of treatment.

Socialna pedagogika, 1998 vol. 2, št. 2, str. 43-56.

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Prispevek predstavlja in razčlenjuje dosedanja spoznanja o kriminoloških značilnostih in poteku zavodskega tretmana mladoletnih storilcev kaznivih dejanj obeh spolov. Empirični del analizira razlike med spoloma v populaciji tistih mladoletnih storilcev na področju Hrvaške, ki jim je bil izrečen ukrep oddaje v prevzgojni zavod. Rezultati so pokazali razlike v času izvršitve prvega kaznivega dejanja, v pogostosti kaznivih dejanj in povratništvu, vse na škodo moških. Hkrati je potek zavodskega tretmana za mladoletnice ugodnejši, ker so bolj prilagojene in integrirane v tretmansko okolje zavoda. Potrebna bi bila diferenciacija tretmana v obliki različnih tretmanskih programov, ki bi bili prilagojeni različnim potrebam moških in žensk - gojencev zavoda.

Ključne besede: mladoletni prestopniki, spol, kriminološke značilnosti, zavodski tretman.

This article presents and analyses the effects of current scientific understanding of certain criminological characteristics and the process of custodial treatment of young offenders of both sexes. In addition the article includes the results of empirical research on young offenders who have been sentenced to custodial care in residential institutions in the Republic of Croatia. The results show the existence of differences between the sexes in respect of the age at which they commit their first offence, the frequency of their criminal activities and their recidivism, all to the disadvantage of the male offender. A course of custodial treatment is shown to be of greater advantage to female offenders, indicating that they integrate and adapt better to the conditions of institutional life. It is evident that the forms of custodial regime must be differentiated and adapted to the specific characteristics and needs of male and female offenders.

Key words: juvenile delinquents, gender, residential treatment, criminological characteristics.

Socialna pedagogika, 1998 vol. 2, št. 2, str. 57-81.

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Uživanje nedovoljenih drog in posledični problemi v zvezi z zasvojenostjo in odvisnostjo - zlasti v primeru zlorabe opiatov - odpirajo zelo raznolike in kompleksne dileme. Problem "zdravljenja" se v veliki meri osredotoča - razen na psihosocialno rehabilitacijo - na iskanje ustreznejših pristopov k zdravljenju, ki bi presegali zgolj detoksikacijo in substitucijo, ter ki bi iskali ustreznejše odgovore v smeri readaptacije ustreznih področij (atrofiranih delov) možganske kemije, kjer delujejo posamezne droge; v tem primeru opiati. Esej se ukvarja z vprašanji vloge nevrobioloških potencialov v zdravljenju in išče možne alternative, kot je npr. elektroakupunktura. Teoretična izhodišča se v veliki meri prepletajo z praktičnimi avtorjevimi izkušnjami in spoznanji iz njegove komunikacije z uživalci heroina.

Ključne besede: odvisnost od drog, opijati, nevrobiologija, nevrotransmiterji, alternative v zdravljenju odvisnosti.

The use of prohibited drugs and the resultant problems in relation to addiction and dependency - especially in the case of opiate abuse - gives rise to a diverse and complex series of dilemmas. The problem of a "cure" is - except in psychological rehabilitation - concentrated to a great extent on seeking a suitable approach to a treatment which would achieve more than only detoxification and substitution, and which would attempt appropriate solutions directed towards the readjustment of the particular areas (the atrophied parts) of brain chemistry, where specific drugs, in this case opiates, have effect. This essay is concerned with the role of neuro-biological possibilities in treatment and looks for feasible alternatives such as, e. g. electro-acupuncture. The theoretical approaches are interwoven with the author's practical experiences of, and communication with, heroin users.

Key words: drug addiction, opiates, neurobiology, neurotransmiters, alternatives in drug addiction treatment.